However, alloimmunization has not been observed after the administration of the TPO mimetics. The whole-body dose of gamma radiation was estimated to be 14.5 Gy, using dicentric chromosome analysis. In: Fliedner TM, Meineke V, Akashi M et al. Kumar KS, Srinivasan V, Toles RE et al. Strong recommendations were also made against the use of systemic steroids for radiation-induced skin lesions in the absence of another specific indication for their use; and in favor of providing supportive care with SRAs, mannitol, furosemide and analgesics for individuals with neurovascular sub-syndrome (NVS) (see Table 2). It's hard to say how many millions more lives could have been saved if fact and not fiction had won the battle for the public's perception of nuclear energy. The skin lesion evolved into a superinfected ulcer that became covered with a fibrin crust on Day 27 that in turn, enlarged and became necrotic by Day 72 (see Fig. (Clinical practice guideline for the use of antimicrobial agents in neutropenic patients with cancer: 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Yes. Health Phys 2010;98:825–32). 31 The diagnosis of ARS is based on a history of exposure and clinical findings (Box 105-1). (eds). Above all, hospitals and other public health facilities will function as first receivers or secondary referral centers for the injured, as they strive to provide an environment for efficient, state-of-the-art clinical management of radiation injuries [3]. Compared with reports of HS management, studies reporting clinical management of individuals with GIS, CS and/or NVS are even less complete [7]. Acute Radiation Syndrome (ARS) is described as the harmful effects that are caused by acute ionizing radiation exposure. Summary of recommendations for HS and GIS by subject matter experts, WHO Consultancy. Cases of local or partial body exposure are more common and yet are still rare. Acute Radiation Syndrome (ARS) is the medical term for the damage occurring to the body after exposure to large amount of radiation within a short period of time (24 hours). Yes. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2011;5:202–12). This was likely inspired by actual footage of the Chernobyl biorobots, which shows a man stumbling. The aggressive use of antimicrobial agents and meticulous local care to avoid infections resulted in a good outcome, as the patient fully recovered and is alive without active infection at this time. Copyright © 2021 HistoryvsHollywood.com, CTF Media. No. Know the causes, signs, symptoms, treatment and diagnosis of Acute Radiation Syndrome. Their scenes together are entirely imagined, and the part they played in the response to the disaster was reworked and amplified to keep the plot moving along. Upon the conclusion of their 1987 trial, Victor Bryukhanov, Anatoly Dyatlov and Nikolai Fomin were sentenced to 10 years in a labor camp. It is also called radiation poisoning, radiation sickness, and radiation toxicity. The report enhances decision making capabilities and help to create effective counter strategies to gain competitive advantage. Fomin was released early for mental health reasons and spent time in a hospital. No. A Chernobyl fact check reveals that Yuvchenko indeed suffered from acute radiation syndrome (ARS). The truth about Chernobyl is that the disaster wasn't the result of one man's desire for a promotion, nor was it the collateral damage of one abusive boss. The worker placed the source into his pants pocket for 6–7 h [28]. The true story reveals that a few of them didn't have helmets and some of them didn't have jackets, so they were just walking around in t-shirts. Much of the miniseries focuses on the heroic scientists, specifically Legasov and the fictional Ulana Khomyuk (Emily Watson), trying to discover what caused Chernobyl's Reactor Number 4 to fail. Gafter-Gvili A, Fraser A, Paul M et al. However, in exploring the truth about Chernobyl, we learned that radiation doesn't do that. 5). . It's true that Legasov dictated his memoirs about the disaster into a recording machine. -Express.co.ukAccording to creator Craig Mazin, the trial scene was "inspired by factual circumstances" instead of being a literal version of what happened. Chernobyl engineer Oleksiy Breus commented on the show's portrayal of the miners working completely in the buff, saying, "They took off their clothes, but not like it was shown in the film, not right down to nothing" (BBC). The term generally refers to acute (serious, rapid onset) problems rather than ones that develop after a prolonged period. Advanced Radiation Workshop on radiation-induced multi-organ involvement and failure: a challenge for pathogenetic, diagnostic and therapeutic approaches and research. He responds, "Yes, I worked in a shoe factory. 3 presents an approach to antibiotic management of irradiated individuals in the ambulatory and hospitalized settings. The patient was transferred to the Burn Treatment Center at the Percy Military Hospital, Paris, France on Day 97, where he developed new infections and required radical surgery that included amputation of the right lower extremity [28]. Densow D, Kindler H, Baranov AE et al. Gourmelon P, Marquette C, Agay D et al. . For the purpose of establishing the presence/absence of efficacy in humans, criteria for inclusion in the analysis of cytokine outcomes were determined to be: (i) establishment of bone marrow failure, (ii) documentation of cytokine use, and (iii) demonstration of an effect (or lack of an effect) on hematopoiesis. No. An estimated 700 tons of radioactive graphite had been blown around the plant during the explosion. The protective homemade uniforms with lead sheets that they wore were also discarded after each use since the material became highly radioactive. -The New York Times, There is little evidence that scientist Valery Legasov and the chairman of the Chernobyl commission, Boris Shcherbina, developed a close friendship. A Soviet scientist would not have traveled to Chernobyl uninvited or took it upon themselves to investigate the accident. However, they would not have been as directly defiant as Legasov and Khomyuk are in the miniseries. This would reduce the heat of the "lava" and prevent it from burning through the concrete pad and entering the water table. Valery Legasov (Jared Harris) later makes references to the nuclear bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, which killed a combined total of 129,000–226,000 people. acute radiation syndrome is a constellation of signs and symptoms resulting from exposure to ionizing radiation delivered to the whole body or a significant portion of the body at relatively high dose (usually > 1 Gy) over a short period of time (usually minutes) 1,2 Yes. Based on this finding, a strong recommendation was made for the use of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) or granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) for treating HS. Public service announcements will advise individuals about when and where to shelter and/or prepare for evacuation [4]. Since the WHO consultancy met in 2009, two additional cases were reported wherein an individual received cytokines after exposure to ionizing radiation [21, 22]. Brit J Radiol Suppl 2005;(Suppl.) www.uptodate.com (1 August 2017, date last accessed). -The New Yorker. "Their characters are distorted and misrepresented, as if they were villains. The Radiological Accident in Soreq. Acute radiation syndrome (ARS) also known as radiation poisoning, radiation sickness or radiation toxicity, is a syndrome or group of health effects which occur within months of exposure to high amounts of ionizing radiation. No. Owing to the lack of detailed evidence in the published literature, all recommendations for the management of the GIS were weak, including the use of fluoroquinolones, bowel decontamination, serotonin receptor antagonists (SRAs), loperamide and enteral nutritional support (see Table 1) [7]. The initial fear of birth defects became so bad that women who lived in areas that were subjected to low levels of Chernobyl radiation terminated 100,000 to 200,000 pregnancies in a panic. . hemodynamic instability, severe mucositis, gastrointestinal symptoms, mental status changes, intravenous catheter infections, new pulmonary infiltrates or underlying chronic lung disease), hepatic insufficiency or renal insufficiency require hospitalization for administration of parenteral antibiotics. No. https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/default.htm (30 November 2017, date last accessed). The patient expired with pneumonia on Day 210 [53]. The total leucocyte count was measured daily and is graphed in Fig. Hauer-Jensen M, Wang J, Boerma M et al. He concluded that Chernobyl was the "apotheosis of all that was wrong in the management of the national economy and had been so for many decades. The chances for recovery depend on the nature of radiation and the dosage. In addition, this was during the time of Gorbachev's Anti-Alcohol Campaign, when alcohol was sometimes not even found at weddings, let alone consumed at work by a party official. The series certainly implies his death was the result of radiation exposure, but in reality, an official cause of death for Shcherbina has never been released. At the same time, alterations in naturally occurring barriers to microbes in the integument and gastrointestinal mucosa result in translocation of infectious organisms into the circulation, setting the stage for invasion by and unimpeded growth of bacteria, fungi and viruses, as well as reactivation of prior infections with viruses and mycobacteria whose pathogenicity correlates with their adoption of immune evading strategies. Despite being told it would be temporary, it is still forbidden to return. Treatment with pegylated G-CSF was initiated on Day 28 post exposure. Here, I briefly summarize the current state of the recommendations that were made at a World Health Organization (WHO) Consultancy that was convened in Geneva 16–18 March 2009, in which a panel of 34 experts from 12 countries on four continents met to discuss clinical management of acute radiation syndrome (ARS) within the context of a hypothetical scenario involving the hospitalization of 100–200 victims [6, 7]. In addition to bleeding, sepsis secondary to microbial infections contributes significantly to mortality among individuals receiving a medically significant dose of radiation. The miniseries implying that radiation is contagious like a virus is essentially zombie logic, that anyone who suffers from radiation poisoning is therefore poisonous themselves. Even the miniseries' writer and creator, Craig Mazin, said that there were varying accounts of how many articles of clothing actually came off, in addition to the number of miners who took off clothing. In the final line of the Chernobyl miniseries, Valery Legasov (Jared Harris) states, "where I once would fear the cost of truth, I only ask"—the screen fades out to black—"what is the cost of lies?" Corresponding author. UpToDate. Learn more about Chernobyl's historical accuracy by watching footage of the events that unfolded in the aftermath of the catastrophe. Slavin MA, Osborne B, Adams R et al. He broke his glasses and tried to slit his wrists with a piece of lens, which delayed the trial. No. Bleeding due to thrombocytopenia is a significant cause of death among patients with ARS. Leukine®/Sargramostim is a formulation of granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) that is expressed in yeast. Today, clinical management is primarily guided by the recommendations of a Consultancy that were made at the World Health Organization (WHO). Nicholas Dainiak, Medical management of acute radiation syndrome and associated infections in a high-casualty incident, Journal of Radiation Research, Volume 59, Issue suppl_2, April 2018, Pages ii54–ii64, https://doi.org/10.1093/jrr/rry004. Dainiak N, Waselenko JK, Armitage JO et al. -Business Insider. The USSR had a history of training females for STEM positions.Like Valery Legasov (and Ulana Khomyuk in the miniseries), some of the other scientists who worked on the Chernobyl problem spoke out against the Soviet Union's official account of events. In randomized, controlled studies in the USA and Europe, outcomes with oral ciprofloxacin and amoxicillin–clavulanate were equivalent to those with parenteral antibiotics [46]. Built in 1970 to house the workers of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, Soviet authorities ordered the city be evacuated 36 hours after the test on Chernobyl's Reactor Number 4 went awry, causing the reactor to explode. Bone marrow syndrome (sometimes referred to as hematopoietic syndrome) the full syndrome will usually occur with a dose between 0.7 and 10 Gy (70 – 1000 rads) though mild symptoms may occur as low as 0.3 Gy or 30 rads4. Fleurus Irradiator Accident, 2006. http://www.johnstonesarchive.net/nuclear/radevents/2006BELG1.html (20 July 2017, date last accessed). Asano S. Multi-organ involvement: lessons from the experience of one victim of the Tokai-mura criticality accident. https://www.fda.gov/emergencypreparedness/counterterrorism/.../ucm443245.htm (15 August, 2017, date last accessed). Legasov had been working as head of the laboratory at the Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy. Brit J Radiol 2005;(Suppl.) Eltrombopag, an alternative to thrombopoietin for the treatment of acute radiation bone marrow injury. Data on the various forms of the acute radiation syndrome (ARS) have been drawn from many sources. There was a real-life meeting between the Deputy Minister of the Mining Industry and the Tula miners, which took place on May 12, 1986. His big moment in court in the miniseries is fiction. A local planning tool to save lives following a nuclear detonation. Contain the spread of misinformation. Acute Radiation Syndrome (ARS) (sometimes known as radiation toxicity or radiation sickness) is an acute illness caused by irradiation of the entire body (or most of the body) by a high dose of penetrating radiation in a very short period of time (usually a matter of minutes). No. Candida species are responsible for most fungus infections in neutropenic patients [45, 46]. New functions will need to be addressed, including protection of health care workers from contamination with radioactive materials, and implementation of unfamiliar triage and treatment protocols for individuals with radiation injuries, trauma and/or burns [2]. Acute Radiation Syndrome Radiation, nowadays, is measured accoring to the Sievert (Sv) units, but there's another unit for measuring how much ionizing radiation the human body has absorbed, and this is measured in so called Grays (Gy). They're covered in a cloud of radioactive ash and dust that is blowing their way. The management of health consequences from a high-casualty radiological incident requires that hospitals and the hospital networks apply their resources to integrative activities within the emergency response. However, we must keep in mind that the evidence was possibly limited due to the fact that the Soviet government had prohibited doctors from reporting similar diagnoses.Yet, a 1987 UCLA study and a 2017 Oxford University review also found "no convincing evidence of increased risk of birth defects from exposure to radiation in contaminated areas." Data adapted from: Diagnosis and Treatment of Radiation Injuries (PDF - 202 KB) (IAEA Safety Reports Series No. CMV infection treated successfully with Gancyclovir. 5). Given that thyroid cancer has a very low mortality rate of just one percent means that only 50 to 160 people will likely die from thyroid cancers caused by Chernobyl (of course, this doesn't mean that we should ignore the thousands who have suffered from Chernobyl-related thyroid cancer and survived).According to the United Nations findings, the total number of long-term deaths expected from Chernobyl is approximately 4,000. Yet, they dug the tunnel believing it was absolutely necessary. Nobody gave us any information but we knew it was serious. In another radiation accident, numerous infectious complications developed in a welder in Yanango, Peru, who in February 1999 picked up an 192Ir source (activity of 36.75 Ci) that had been dislodged from its container. The survival rate of patients with this syndrome decreases with increasing dose. 1. However, unlike what's implied in the HBO miniseries, the Chernobyl helicopter crash had nothing to do with radiation. "I'm in a full blown panic," wrote Philadelphia Inquirer journalist Sarah Todd after watching the first episode. HS = hematopoietic subsyndrome, GIS = gastrointestinal subsyndrome. Gale, who worked for UCLA at the time of the accident, says that the firefighters who suffered from Acute Radiation Syndrome were not contagious, as … Fliedner TM, Dorr HD, Meinke V. Multi-organ involvement as a pathogenetic principle of the radiation syndromes: a study involving 110 case histories documented in SEARCH and classified as the bases of haematopoietic indicators of effect. Unfortunately, with HBO's miniseries, Hollywood is once again attempting to steer the public's perception through the use of fiction and fear. This international consensus was reached on evidence-based, clinical management of each of the four sub-syndromes that compose acute radiation syndrome (ARS), including the hematopoietic subsyndrome (HS), gastrointestinal subsyndrome (GIS), neurovascular subsyndrome (NVS) and cutaneous subsyndrome (CS). . Within the first days symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite. If the results of this case are combined with those of the cases previously analyzed by the WHO Consultancy experts, the number of long-term survivors among those receiving a dose of ≤5 Gy is increased from 14/15 patients (93.3%) analyzed initially to 15/16 patients (93.8%) analyzed here, thereby having no effect on the recommendations made at the WHO Consultancy [6]. This disease is frequently serious and life-threatening.Examples of individuals who had suffered from acute radiation syndrome are the ones who survived the ato… Methicillin-resistant Staph aureus unresponsive to Vanco and Aberkacin resulting in death from pneumonia on day 210. . Depending on their total exposure, some of the men chose to go out on the roof more than once. Time Phases of Acute Radiation Syndrome (ARS) - Dose Range 6-8 Gy Dose Range in gray (Gy) (What is gray?) . The surviving worker (Worker C) developed Grade 2 HS (RC 2) that was managed at the NIRS with prophylaxis for fungal and viral infections, G-CSF and reverse isolation [55]. The HBO Chernobyl miniseries makes it seem like Valery Legasov (Jared Harris) didn't have much help as he investigated what happened at Chernobyl, except for fellow scientist Ulana Khomyuk (Emily Watson). U.S. Food & Drug Administration. Antibiotics recommended for high-risk patients, based upon Freifield AG et al. To further test the strength of the recommendations made by the WHO consultants, an analysis was made of all other known cases where cytokines were used but where not all inclusion criteria were met (which therefore were excluded from analysis at the Consultancy). He says their portrayal is "not a fiction, but a blatant lie." Uozaki H, Fukayama M, Nakagawa K et al. This scene is full of stereotypical nonsense and a lack of understanding of the socioeconomic divisions in the Soviet Union. These ‘high-risk’ patients should be treated with a single intravenous antibiotic (i.e. The infections were treated with Clindamycin, vancomycin, imipenem and topical sulphonamide [28]. The patient developed cutaneous ulcerations, gastrointestinal syndrome (GIS) with sloughing of the bowel that required a bowel resection, hypotension and widespread fungal sepsis with diffuse intravascular coagulation. A short time later, they watch as a helicopter assigned to drop a mixture of sand, clay and boron heads over the reactor. The miniseries also exaggerates the delayed response and the denial of the Soviet government. erythropoietin) to avoid red blood cell transfusions. An Infectious Diseases specialist should be consulted whenever disseminated candidiasis develops. Worker B developed Grade 4 HS (RC 4) that was managed by administration of placental cord blood stem cells, cyclosporine A, antithymocyte globulin, G-CSF, TPO, GM-CSF, erythropoietin, and repeated platelet infusions at the Hospital of the Institute of Medical Sciences. Shown are treatment strategies for three arbitrarily designated periods (‘early’, ‘intermediate’ and ‘late’) following exposure to ionizing radiation. It is generally recommended to provide broad-spectrum coverage for gram-positive streptococci and staphylococci, and gram-negative Psuedomonas and Enterobacteriaceae. In the HBO miniseries, Valery Legasov (Jared Harris) testifies at the trial and places part of the blame on the Soviet state's "cheap" nuclear reactors. This condition is the result of a large exposure to a penetrating external radiation source over a short period of time. (Clinical practice guideline for the use of antimicrobial agents in neutropenic patients with cancer: 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. That miniseries will likely never be made. Acute Radiation Syndrome (ARS), or radiation sickness, is a serious illness that can happen when a person is exposed to very high levels of radiation, usually over a short period of time.The amount of radiation that a person’s body absorbs is called the radiation dose. To strengthen the scientific basis for clinical management guidelines, an international Consultancy was convened in Geneva, Switzerland by the WHO to consider the optimal management of ARS in a hypothetical scenario involving the hospitalization of 100–200 individuals. No. No. Guidances (Drugs). Candidates for prophylactic antimicrobial therapy include those with (i) fever [defined as a single oral temperature of ≥38.3°C (101°F) or a temperature of ≥38.0°C (100.4°F)] plus neutropenia (defined as an ANC of <0.5 × 109/l), (ii) afebrile neutropenia with clinical signs and symptoms of infection (often presenting as subtle pain), and (iii) clinical signs and symptoms of infection without neutropenia. Goans RE, Wald. Fig. The Barkonian Garvin suffering from radiation poisoning Acute radiation syndrome, colloquially known as radiation poisoning, radiation sickness, or localized as radiation burns, was a form of organic tissue damage caused by exposure to ionizing radiation. Next, I update cytokine use in two cases reported after March 2009, one of which met inclusion criteria. Yes. The patient received prophylaxis with Ciprofloxacin on admission (Day 1) to the National Cancer Hospital, Lima, Peru. -Chernobyl PodcastWith this perhaps being the biggest deviation from the Chernobyl true story, it's evident that Legasov wasn't the martyr figure that the miniseries makes him out to be. This reflects the HBO series' general failure to accurately depict the significant divisions between different socioeconomic classes in the Soviet Union. This is an inaccurate portrayal of Soviet life in the 1980s. In: Fliedner TM, Meineke V, Akashi M et al. 2. "Only one was mandatory. Individuals exposed to radiation may be divided into ‘low-risk’ and ‘high-risk’ susceptibility groups, based upon degree of neutropenia and the presence of comorbidities. Approximately 50,000 Chernobyl refugees died from alcoholism, heart disease and suicide in the decades following the accident. Worker C, who sat at a desk that was separated from the tank room by a wall, received a much lower dose (estimated total dose of ~2–3 Gy) and survived the accident [55]. Center for Biosecurity of UPMC, Baltimore, Maryland. In the miniseries, Pripyat residents gather on the bridge, which is roughly a kilometer away from the plant, to watch the clouds of smoke and rays of blue ionizing light beaming into the sky. The idea that a Soviet citizen would have spoken out against the state in that manner in a Soviet court is entirely far-fetched.At the IAEA Chernobyl post-accident review meeting in Vienna in August 1986, Legasov did present a somewhat candid and detailed assessment of the circumstances and consequences of the accident, but he failed to reveal his complete findings and placed most of the blame on human error coupled with poorly designed reactors. They appear in stages and are directly related to the Summary of clinical management of infections based on time after exposure. Naggar AM, Mahmoud MH. "I have watched a lot of gore and horror, but this takes it over the top. In addition, under its Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) program, the FDA approved the use of sargramostim (Leukine®/Sargramostim, Sanofi-Aventis U.S. LLC, Bridgewater, NJ, USA) in an emergency when neither G-CSF nor pegylated G-CSF is available (reviewed in [14]). They faced similar denunciation as Legasov, in addition to arrest and imprisonment. Widely disseminated bacterial, fungal and viral infections develop as a consequence of immunosuppression that is well described, with declines in circulating neutrophil and lymphocyte (in particular, helper T-cell) counts, impaired and augmented expression of the various genes encoding lymphokines, and breeches in the skin and mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract [34–36]. Fluconazole lessens the duration of mucosal and invasive Candida infections, and reduces mortality after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation [48]. Relatively smaller doses … The diagnosis of Grade 4 HS [ARS Response Category (RC]) 4], as defined by Fliedner and colleagues [24], was confirmed by documentation of pancytopenia on a complete blood cell count (CBC) with calculation of the differential of the leukocytes, and platelet count. Those with profound neutropenia (i.e. Zaja F, Barcellini W, Cantoni S et al. Just how people have blamed vaccines for autism simply because the vaccine had been given at some point prior to a child being diagnosed, Chernobyl has similarly at times been blamed for birth defects.The United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission's report concluded, "The available evidence does not show any effect on the number of adverse pregnancy outcomes, delivery complications, stillbirths or overall health of children among the families living in the most contaminated areas." International Atomic Energy Agency. Such false logic was used to isolate, terrify, and stigmatize people not only in Chernobyl, but also in places like Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and more recently in Fukushima. These modified guidelines were adopted by the Radiation Emergency Assistance Center/Training Site (REAC/TS) and presented twice annually thereafter in its Advanced Radiation Medicine (ARM) course. They were then sent away from Chernobyl. Hankey KG, Farese AM, Blaauw EC et al. Add to that the 100,000 to 200,000 terminated pregnancies that were largely the result of fear (rather than fact), and the sensationalism in both Hollywood and the media becomes far more troubling.Turning nuclear power into a horror movie villain might terrify audiences and make for good entertainment, but it's far from the Chernobyl true story. The Radiological Accident in San Salvador. Adjustment of the antibiotic regimen is dictated by specific clinical, imaging and culture findings, and includes the addition of: (i) vancomycin for cellulitis or pneumonia, (ii) an aminoglycoside for gram-negative bacteremia or pneumonia, and (iii) metronidazole for abdominal signs and symptoms [46]. The scientists were basing the project on probabilities. No, and thankfully, the miniseries clarifies this in its epilogue. This criticality accident occurred at the JCO Co. Ltd processing plant, as three workers prepared an excess of uranyl nitrate in a precipitation tank while processing uranium [54]. A quick Chernobyl fact check reveals that in real life, Legasov wasn't present at the trial. Clindamycin was added on Day 2, when local erythema and a blister developed. He expired with multi-organ failure on Day 62 after exposure. Emily Watson's character is fictional and was created to be an amalgamation of all of these individuals.Exploring the truth about Chernobyl led us to discover that Khomyuk's actions are equally fabricated. During the course of evaluation, diabetes mellitus and subclinical hypothyroidism were also documented [55]. (Literature review and global consensus on management of acute radiation syndrome affecting nonhematopoietic organ systems. Waselenko JK, MacVittie TJ, Blakeley WF et al. For treatment of the hematopoietic sub-syndrome (HS) with cytokines and/or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), data were extracted from eight publications [6]. Evidence-based recommendations were made for the use of cytokines to manage hematopoietic subsyndrome (HS) based on the then-current published reports of cases that met specific inclusion criteria. Craig Mazin, says that the photo is what inspired their fictional friendship the... 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