3E–G and S4D–I). RNA molecules that are not translated into proteins but can be involved in a variety of cellular processes including regulation of gene activity. 2a, top left panel) prior to imaging by ESI. S1A), confirming other reports (Peters et al., 2002; Kourmouli et al., 2004; Schotta et al., 2004) and consistent with the canonical epigenetic profile of constitutive heterochromatin (Martens et al., 2005). Overall, we uncover the functional importance for the restricted transmission of constitutive heterochromatin during reprogramming and a non-repressive role for H3K9me3… Regulation of heterochromatin transcription by Snail1/LOXL2 during epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. the property of being able to give rise to all tissue types in the embryo. Constitutive heterochromatin is defined by trimethylation of lysine 9 of histone H3 (H3K9me3), whereas facultative heterochromatin is enriched in H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3). H3K9me3 deposition provides a restriction on developmental potency in the early embryo Overall, we uncover the functional importance for the restricted transmission of constitutive heterochromatin during reprogramming and a non-repressive role for H3K9me3. Position-effect variegation, heterochromatin formation, and gene silencing in. Control of developmental regulators by Polycomb in human embryonic stem cells. expression, as specified by transcription factors and reinforced by epigenetic mechanisms. Mouse homolog of SALL1, a causative gene for Townes-Brocks syndrome, binds to A/T-rich sequences in pericentric heterochromatin via its C-terminal zinc finger domains. Crucially, HP1 can cause deposition of further H3K9me3 through the recruitment of the methyltransferase SUV39H1 leading to propagation of H3K9me3 across DNA and permitting the establishment of large domains of heterochromatin . MacroH2A histone variants act as a barrier upon reprogramming towards pluripotency. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tig.2015.11.001. Quantitative dynamics of chromatin remodeling during germ cell specification from mouse embryonic stem cells. H3K4/H3K9me3 bivalent chromatin domains targeted by lineage-specific DNA methylation pauses adipocyte differentiation. proteins required for heterochromatin formation that bind methylated H3K9 via their chromodomain. mark pericentric constitutive heterochromatin domains. Molecular roadblocks for cellular reprogramming. Full-term development of mice from enucleated oocytes injected with cumulus cell nuclei. By contrast, the E(Z) histone methyltransferase homologue PaKmt6, as part of the PRC2 complex, catalyses tri-methylation of H3K27 (H3K27me3) to form facultative heterochromatin. Histone methyltransferases G9a and GLP form heteromeric complexes and are both crucial for methylation of euchromatin at H3-K9. Maternal components reprogram the donor nucleus to pluripotency, allowing the generation of cloned organisms. The ability of H3K9me3 to influence cell identity challenges the original concept of H3K9me3-marked heterochromatin as mainly a constitutive type of chromatin and provides a further level of understanding of how to modulate cell fate control. G9a-mediated irreversible epigenetic inactivation of Oct-3/4 during early embryogenesis. Heterochromatin reorganization during early mouse development requires a single-stranded noncoding transcript. Co-occupancy of both H2A.Z and HP1α suggests that LINE-containing genomic DNA could be involved in the formation of constitutive heterochromatin to keep L1 elements in a silenced state. Regulation of heterochromatic silencing and histone H3 lysine-9 methylation by RNAi. Moreover, heterochromatin-associated non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) play an important role in the regulation and formation of constitutive heterochromatin by stabilizing Suv39h1, which can instate H3K9me3 , and KAP1 itself can associate with all five KMTs so far identified in mammals, namely, SETDB1 (SET Domain Bifurcated 1), GLP, and G9a in addition to Suv39h1/h2. Defects in RNA quality control factors reveal RNAi-independent nucleation of heterochromatin. Set domain-containing protein, G9a, is a novel lysine-preferring mammalian histone methyltransferase with hyperactivity and specific selectivity to lysines 9 and 27 of histone H3. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Large histone H3 lysine 9 dimethylated chromatin blocks distinguish differentiated from embryonic stem cells. Histone variant macroH2A marks embryonic differentiation in vivo and acts as an epigenetic barrier to induced pluripotency. 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