One of these is higher and will rule rest three. [3] Example axes are: Examples of axes in specific animals are shown below. [1][37] For example, in skin, the epidermis is superficial to the subcutis. They only live because everyone knows they are superior. Therefore, the term ‘superior’ can also describe structures towards the head. Superficial (from Latin superficies 'surface') describes something near the outer surface of the organism. Find more opposite words at wordhippo.com! Inferior (or caudal) describes a position below or lower than another part of the body proper; near or toward the tail (in humans, the coccyx, or lowest part of the spinal column). superior. The head is superior to the neck; the umbilicus is inferior to the sternum. In such organisms, the end with a mouth (or equivalent structure, such as the cytostome in Paramecium or Stentor), or the end that usually points in the direction of the organism's locomotion (such as the end with the flagellum in Euglena), is normally designated as the anterior end. [42][44] Adult echinoderms, such as starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumbers and others are also included, since they are pentaradial, meaning they have five discrete rotational symmetry. Prolateral refers to the surface of a leg that is closest to the anterior end of an arachnid's body. For example, in a human, the arms are lateral to the torso. Although the direction indicated by "proximal" and "distal" is always respectively towards or away from the point of attachment, a given structure can be either proximal or distal in relation to another point of reference. The long or longitudinal axis is defined by points at the opposite ends of the organism. Less useful or of poorer quality. [2] Fields such as osteology, palaeontology and dentistry apply special terms of location to describe the mouth and teeth. Anatomy and physiology is a course that builds on the material from the previous chapters, so if you learn the meaning of terms like superior or inferior early in the semester, then you’ll understand intuitively that the superior vena cava is going to be above the inferior vena cava in the heart.. [1], For humans, one type of vertebrate, and other animals that stand on two feet (bipeds), terms that are used are different from those that stand on four (quadrupeds). These terms refer to the distance of a structure from the surface. [1][2] Much of this information has been standardised in internationally agreed vocabularies for humans (Terminologia Anatomica)[2] and animals (Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria). References may also take origin from superficial anatomy, made to landmarks that are on the skin or visible underneath. Above the average in excellence merit intelligence etc. The major structures of the cardiovascular system include blood vessels (arteries, arterioles, veins, venules), the heart, superior and inferior vena cava, aorta, left and right atrium, left and right ventricle, mitral valve, tricuspid valve, aortic valve, pulmonary valve. [24] For example, in a dog the nose is anterior to the eyes and the tail is considered the most posterior part; in many fish the gill openings are posterior to the eyes but anterior to the tail. Terms used generally derive from Latin or Greek roots and used to describe something in its standard anatomical position. Blausen.com staff (2014). The terms "left" and "right" are sometimes used, or their Latin alternatives (Latin: dexter, lit. Toward an end does not necessarily mean close to the end. Because the sacrum and coccyx are fused, they are not often used to provide the location. These terms are generally preferred in veterinary medicine and not used as often in human medicine. “Relations of the aorta, trachea, esophagus and other heart structures” By ZooFari (CC BY-SA 3.0) via Commons Wikimedia, Lakna, a graduate in Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, is a Molecular Biologist and has a broad and keen interest in the discovery of nature related things, What is the Difference Between Superior and Inferior in Anatomy. This position provides a definition of what is at the front ("anterior"), behind ("posterior") and so on. Superior meaning toward the head and inferior meaning toward the feet. As a second example, in humans, the neck is superior to the chest but inferior to the head. It then unites with the internal iliac vein to form the common iliac vein. Cnidarians have no other distinctive axes pads are those on the other hand, inferior the! [ 30 ] thus the upper arm, but ventral to the head parallel, horizontal symmetrical. 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