marriage in 18th century france

History of the area, part of Alsace and in the department of Haut-Rhin until the end of the Franco-Prussian War in 1871, is included. EIGHTEENTH CENTURY FRANCE On March 19, 1737 Anne Belluc, a peasant woman, came before the Ecclesiastic Official of the diocese of Montauban to request a Papal dispensation in order to marry her second cousin, Jean Capelle. France - France - French culture in the 17th century: If historians are not yet agreed on the political motives of Louis XIV, they all accept, however, the cultural and artistic significance of the epoch over which he and his two 17th-century predecessors reigned. Votes: 1,187 In France, from the end of the seventeenth to the beginning of the nineteenth century, despite noticeable age fluctuations, most subjects of the French kings entered into matrimony well beyond the age of puberty. This led to paradoxical forms of representation of … After the  ceremony was over, the bridal parties signed the marriage register and guests gave them their congratulations. The two perform this act very gracefully. A very beautiful French wedding armoire from the Normandy region of France made of pitch pine, which is unique to French furniture-making. There were strict unwritten rules about how a marriage was to … In 18th century France, women had few choices and little chance to shape their destiny. Less is known about the average age of first marriages for men during the 19th century. Once this had been completed, the necessary papers were then handed in to authorities and the marriage could proceed within two or three days of authorities receiving the papers. The early modern period was marked by a growing desire for enhanced parental control over the marriage of children, 48 which in turn resulted in legislation in regard to the age of consent. The fact that love and marriage need to be connected was never unanimous and in most societies love marriages were considered a foolish choice and frowned upon. The cost of having a baby was much different in the 18th century. And wealthy mothers who could afford it would have a live-in wet nurse, which is another mother who recently gave birth and who feeds both babies. Sometimes, personal items that young women deposited as evidence, such as promises to marry or letters, also survive. In the Eighteenth Century, women had few legal rights, particularly in regards to marriage. Revolutionary French Literature in Translation. … Husbands ruled over their wives and made all of the family decisions. 98 See Olwen Hufton, ‘Women, work and marriage in eighteenth-century France’, in R. B. Outhwaite ed., Marriage and society (London, 1981), 197, for skill as dowry among working-class girls. In 1859 the town was captured by the French, and in 1862 it was ceded to France by the Vietnamese emperor Tu Duc. About. In doing so women were able to maintain their sense of self and dignity in a time period when female identity was viewed as inferior and weak. Marriage in 18th Century France: Women That Pushed the Boundaries November 28, 2017 / wilmy. The laws themselves forced women to gain parental consent for marriage until the age of 25 and divided power unequally between husband and wife. If nobility were celebrating the marriage, the ceremony would be followed by sumptuous celebrations that might last … However, it was necessary for him to visit in full dress, and his intended had to receive him properly dressed too. Courtship and Marriage during 18th Century in France and England If a parent was deceased then proof of their death was also required, and the consent of grandparents or guardians was accepted instead. the eighteenth century.6 Eighteenth-century French law, whether the Roman Law of the South, customary laws of the North, or royal and ecclesiastical legislation, ensured that the husband was the dominant partner in the marriage. Marriage was the only acceptable place for sex in the medieval period, and as a result Christians were allowed to marry from puberty onwards, generally seen at the time as age 12 for women and 14 for men.Parental consent was not required. By Stephanie Cowell (Regular Contributor) Mozart married at the age of 25 in Vienna’s Stephansdom Cathedral, where you can still go today and kneel near the spot where he knelt with his bride. The wedding ceremony of those in the 18 th century was a bit different than today. Montesquieu’s Roxana, Pierre Laclos’ Cecile, Philippe Aries’ historical analysis, and others offer a perspective into the lives of the women who lived in 18th century France. The 52-year-old King Louis XII of France, who in 1514 married Mary, the 18-year-old sister of Henry VIII, died only three months later, supposedly worn out by his efforts in bed. “Age of consent laws rose from as low as ten to between thirteen (France 1863) AND SIXTEEN (England and Wales 1885).” [18] 19. This first meeting was all business and involved “the dowry, and the almost equally important one of the young man’s fortune, expectations, etc.”[1]. Preview this book » What people are saying - Write a review. Suggested Reading. Women of every class, who found themselves in less than ideal marriages, sought out ways to expand their freedom. Instead his best friend was charged with the delicate task of asking the parents, and if they agreed, the prospective bridegroom then arranged a meeting with them. Web. French literature - French literature - The 18th century to the Revolution of 1789: The death of Louis XIV on September 1, 1715, closed an epoch, and thus the date of 1715 is a useful starting point for the Enlightenment. Divorce and Women in France Divorce first became legal in France on September 20, 1792. For instance, more and more emphasis was placed on the family as the eighteenth century passed. Goodman, Dena. A family centred around a married couple represented the basic social, economic and political unit. Index. Divorce at all was not legal until 1884, and then on the common Western terms of female adultery, mental illness, or other incapacity of the woman to fulfill her marriage obligations. Get your copy of “An Ignorance of Means” by Jennifer Oakley Denslow Academic Search Premier. Once permission was granted, marriage etiquette in France then allowed the bridegroom to meet his future bride for the first time as her future husband. In the past, marriages had based on economic partnership and “a means to carry on lineage” . In France, from the end of the seventeenth to the beginning of the nineteenth century, despite noticeable age fluctuations, most subjects of the French kings entered … In seventeenth-century England, marriage and sexual morals played a … Moreover, women of … Overseas. There were strict unwritten rules about how a marriage was to operate and those who strayed were subject to become a public scandal. I was going to begin a whole new blog but decided to keep it but start from where I am at now. Weddings in 18th Century Scotland The three principal domestic events - marriages, births, and deaths - provided rare holidays for Scots. About. By PT Staff published May 1, 2005 - last reviewed on June 9, 2016 Marriage in 18th century England. Moreover, women of middle and upper classes usually did not wear a wedding ring. He was “carefully but not too carefully dressed – that point [was] essential. For instance, on the day the bridegroom called, he was to send his fiancée a bouquet of flowers. Your browser does not support the audio element. In France, the Monarchs based their power on the feudal system of Divine Right of kings. This was a mutual consent divorce system, and France did not return to such a system until 20th century. Notify me of follow-up comments by email. Back to Main ECE Page: This site has been accessed times since April 30, 2002 times since April 30, 2002 If nobility were celebrating the marriage, the ceremony would be followed by sumptuous celebrations that might last for several days. The records were kept in Latin or Italian, and starting in 1820 they are kept in French. 49 In the 16 th century, the French state raised the age at which men and women could marry without agreement of their parents/guardians to 25 (and it stayed there into the 19 th century). Today, couples can expect to pay an average of $10,000 to $15,000 for the birth of their baby as long as no complications occur. In the eighteenth century, when the definition of marriage was shifting from one based on an hierarchical model to one based on notions of love and mutuality, marital life came under a more intense cultural scrutiny. And as late as the 18th century, the French philosopher Montesquieu wrote that any man who was in love with his wife was probably too dull to be loved by another woman. After these formalities, publication of the banns came next and took place at the mayoralty and in the church. The gentleman turns one hand palm upwards and the lady lets her fingertips rest upon his with her palm downwards, while as they pass down the aisle together, each holds an alms-bag to the company with the other hand.”[9]. As you will have guessed, this essay focuses on weddings. In 1965, John Hajnal discovered that Europe is divided into … Records cover the 17th and 18th centuries. They also occurred primarily from nine in the morning until five in the evening. The law [also] prescribes that all the doors of the room within the civil marriage takes place to be left open, even if the personages be of such importance that the ceremony takes place in the private parlour of the mayor.”[7], Marriage etiquette in France also meant that there were other requirements to be observed before, during, and after the ceremony. Unlike northern white pine, pitch pine was never painted over but was always presented as a finished wood. His betrothed, in elegant but simple attire, await[ed] his coming, surrounded by parents and relatives.”[3] After this meeting, the prospective bridegroom was then entitled to be received as a pretendu. 18th Century French Marriage Armoire in Pitch Pine from Normandy. Portrayal of the 18th Century France in Beaumarchais’s “The Marriage of Figaro” Though Pierre Beaumarchais’s play “The Marriage of Figaro” takes place in a purely homely setting, it successfully portrays a vivid picture of the sociopolitical context of France in the 18th century. The signing of the contract was the next step. Graph 2 shows that there was a clear fall in average and median age of both males and females. Proper dress for a young women meant “a morning dress, no matter how fresh or tasteful [was considered] completely inadmissible.”[4]. Once divorced, the children became the man's property and the mother could be prevented from seeing her children. French wedding ensemble from 1864. For instance, when a Frenchman decided he wanted to marry, he did not go directly to the parents and ask for their daughter’s hand in marriage. But on her wedding night, her new husband relates his own vision. Baptisms, marriages and deaths are indexed alphabetically and chronologically. Marriage Calculations in the Eighteenth Century: Deconstructing the Love vs. Duty When the École des Beaux-Arts -- the primary training facility-- eventually succumbed to heavy pressure and began admitting women in 1897, France was no longer the hold-out in providing women with a state-sponsored education. Within these limits, Catherine Drummond dreams of a marriage as supportive and tender as that of her parents. The Family History Library has not yet obtained any microfilm of civil registration from Corse. age at marriage have been searched for. Many changes occurred during the Enlightenment period of the eighteenth century. It was at this time the idea of marrying because of who your parents arranged had died, and the idea of marrying on the basis of personal affection and started taking its place. The use of this veil was customary throughout medieval France and the use of it only began to fade during the seventeenth century. Marriages between partners of very different ages were thought to be particularly unwise. After arriving, the bride was led inside the church by her father. Their choice of a husband was an important one as death of their spouse was the only way their marriage could be undone. Even though marriage in France in the 18th century was considered part of the private realm it was by no means private. Chris Roulston analyzes how in the 18th century, as representations of married life increased, they challenged the traditional courtship model, offering narratives based on repetition rather than progression. Among the documents required were the couple’s birth certificates. The use of this veil was customary throughout medieval France and the use of it only began to fade during the seventeenth century. Anyway, here is an article from about Divorce and Women in France in the 18th century: Divorce and Women in France It was abolished in 1816, and, despite divorce bills presented by legislators in the 1830s and in 1848, it was only re-established in 1884 under the Third Republic. Thereafter he was also allowed to visited her home on a familiar basis. Beth Bailey, From Front Porch to Back Seat: Courtship in Twentieth-Century America (Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1988). A very beautiful French wedding armoire from the Normandy region of France made of pitch pine, which is unique to French furniture-making. Unique histories from the 18th and 19th centuries, Excerpt of a BBC interview with Geri on May 1, 2017, Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), View 18thcand19thc’s profile on Instagram, View 117631667933120811735’s profile on Google+, Marie Antoinette’s Confidante: The Rise and Fall of the Princesse de Lamballe, Napoleon’s Downfall: Madame Récamier and Her Battle With the Emperor, Jane Austen’s Cousin: The Outlandish Contess De Feuillide, Harriet Howard: Mistress to Louis Napoleon (Napoleon III), Decorative Hair Combs of the 19th Century, Mark Twain: Interesting Facts About Samuel Clemens, Great Blizzard of 1888: The Great White Hurricane. $6,375 Asking Price. Nothing was unusual about Marguerite and Jean dating, and having sex, in 18th-century France. Often times women performed both the mayoral and a formal (religious) marriage. They also occurred primarily from nine in the morning until five in the evening. Some family surnames were not fixed until end of the eighteenth century. This work is a welcome addition to eighteenth-century studies.' In 18th century France, women had few choices and little chance to shape their destiny. Territory of Belfort parish records transcribed and compiled. However, to gain that status, he had to request it in writing. © 2021 FREN285: Sex, Philosophy, and Politics. concluding marriages, basic marriage values, duties of a married woman and possibilities of divorce. Most women in 18th century England married as you have. The role of the family was not considered crucially important in the marriages unless the inheritance of property was concerned. [1] Matters were no better a century later: mid-19th century Montreal witnessed infant mortality rates of 250 per thousand live births. There were over a million enslaved Africans in the British West Indies. Moreover, the engaged couple were “never to be permitted to indulge in a tete-a-tete, nor … call each other by their first names without using the prefixes of Monsieur and Mademoiselle.”[5] This was because parents did not want the couple to become too familiar with one another before the wedding. General ages at marriage were not constant at all in the period under consideration. We haven't found any reviews in the usual places. The brides typically wore a range of … Chris Roulston analyzes how in the 18th century, as representations of married life increased, they challenged the traditional courtship model, offering narratives based on repetition rather than progression. France resorted to arms after 1843 and, by the treaty of 1862 signed at Saigon (present-day … Abstract. Relations with France began in the 18th century, when French traders and missionaries settled in the area. In the 12th and 13th centuries, the European aristocracy viewed extramarital affairs as the highest form of romance, untainted by the gritty realities of daily life. Marriage etiquette in France involved many rules. The groom took the arm of his mother and escorted her inside. The early modern period was marked by a growing desire for enhanced parental control over the marriage of children, 48 which in turn resulted in legislation in regard to the age of consent. Dating life for women in the 18th century had started to change as they had more of a say in their marriages and weddings. Stories of both historical and fictional French women revealed that no matter how strictly regulated the marriage, women will find a way to maintain their sense of freedom and their dignity. However, married women were not able to obtain a divorce if they discovered that their husbands had been unfaithful. Narrating Marriage provides an in-depth look at the debates surrounding marriage in the eighteenth century both as an institution and as a lived experience between two individuals. If everything was determined to be favorable for the young man, then a second interview was scheduled between the parents and the prospective bridegroom with “the day and hour rigorously settled before hand.”[2] On the appointed day, at the appointed time, the prospective bridegroom presented himself for a second time. Further, it can be deleted based on my request. July 2, 2014 By Holly Tucker. Journal of Social History 19.2 (1985): 261-73. François Lebrun has written that before the French Revolution, "in every milieu marriage was considered as being first an affair of interest, in the largest sense, and, very secondarily, an affair of sentiment." Interracial Marriage in 18th Century Britain OK it has been ages since I blogged, 2009 to be exact. Get your copy of “An Ignorance of Means” by Jennifer Oakley Denslow In fact, the average age of women when they married was 22.63 32.For men, that age was somewhat older at 26 33.The implications of this later age of marriage were that there were fewer years of fertility available to a … During the 18th century the legality and cultural views of divorce shifted more than once. Townspeople and friends kept a close eye on the happenings of the family and news traveled quickly. According to Lebrun, marriage was "too serious an affair to be the result of a personal choice. Women in companionable marriages with fewer limitations would resist in small ways, like keeping some of their wages for themselves or by indulging in fashion or design. Title Page. The Matrimonial Causes Act of 1857 gave men the right to divorce their wives on the grounds of adultery. Young people often dated co-workers. When the wedding party left the church, the bride was led by her father-in-law and the groom escorted his mother-in-law. I understand my email and name will be used only to communicate with me and will not be shared with 3rd parties. Director: Jean Beaudin | Stars: Noémie Godin-Vigneau, David La Haye, Juliette Gosselin, Sébastien Huberdeau. As the capital of Cochinchina, Saigon was… Read More; In China: Vietnam. For instance, when traveling to the church, the bride and her parents sat in the first carriage, and the groom and his parents followed in the second carriage. In the mid-18th Century, as England and France battle over control of Canada, an epic romance between a peasant woman and a trapper unfurls. Marriages in Paris usually occurred on one of three days, Tuesday, Thursday, or Saturday. Genoa (now part of Italy) sold the island of Corse to France in 1768. Anne Rubard and Jean Claude Fiancon, … They obtained permission from the Minister of War and permission was not granted unless the bride possessed a dowry of 30,000 francs or had a settled income of 1,200 francs a year. $6,375 Asking Price. The British had a Parliamentary Democracy, with a King to whom they could look to for guidance and tradition, to rule. Marriage was the only acceptable place for sex in the medieval period, and as a result Christians were allowed to marry from puberty onwards, generally seen at the time as age 12 for women and 14 for men.Parental consent was not required. There were three groups of urban women in eighteenth century, lower-class, middle-class, and upper-class. I am doing a PhD in theology but which encompasses history, sociology, gender studies and the list goes on. The more that they felt their freedoms were restricted, the more evidence of resistance. As political caricatures began to flourish in France with the onset of the 1789 French Revolution, Mainardi observed that caricatures of love and marriage became equally important in the wake of significant societal upheaval. Napoleon III, who was nephew to Napoleon Bonaparte, married Eugénie de Montijo on 29 January 1853. So, how did women navigate the expectations of their marriages during a time period that afforded men the simple luxuries that women were denied? It is true, however, that the Church had been attempting to foist its control on marriage since about the 12th century but without much success until Calvinism made it a crime to marry outside of the Church. Photos of 19th century interracial couples are incredible examples of love triumphing over law ... interracial marriage has only been legal across the US since 1967. Essay: Women in 18th Century France. Mainardi argued that caricatures of marriage in late 18th and early 19th century France revealed the changing societal concerns of the period. It was considered a ceremonial occasion and generally turned into a family festival that required special dress for the bride, usually a facsimile of the wedding gown but not tinted white. Children and Home Life. Workplaces could be opportunities for flirting and sometimes more after couples committed to marriage. But on her wedding night, her new husband relates his own vision. Etiquette exacts that she carry a white prayer-book to the church, but if she has not one … she may, if she pleases, put a cover of white watered silk on her old one. In the first half of the eighteenth century, descriptions of sexually-assertive women were common. Ommelanden in the second half of the 18th century. Arranged Marriages and Divorce Laws in 18th-19th Century The purpose of marriage was not only raising and protecting children, but a way to form family alliances and for families to make sure that somebody worthy was the heir. In the 18th century, any woman, rich or poor, had a midwife or birth attendant with her and most procedures and painkillers were rarely prescribed if even available to mothers. 1750 Darrow, Margaret H. "POPULAR CONCEPTS OF MARITAL CHOICE IN EIGHTEENTH CENTURY FRANCE." In 1890, when the U.S. Census Bureau started collecting marriage data, it was recorded that the average age of a first marriage for men was 26 years, and the average age of marriage for women was 22 years. The 18 th Century Ceremony. If your marriage broke up in the 1750s, you had to obtain a private Act of Parliament—essentially, an exception to Britain’s draconian divorce law—to formally divorce. Nancy Cott, Public Vows: A History of Marriage and the Nation (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2000). Anyway, here is an article from about Divorce and Women in France in the 18th century: Divorce and Women in France. Territory of Belfort parish records transcribed and compiled. Contents. The wedding celebration was then usually closed with a dejeuner (lunch) hosted by newly wedded couple. References. 7 Jan. 2014. When both marriages were to occur they usually were not performed on the same day, and because they were on different days, the bride usually wore the same outfit to both ceremonies: “[I]n all ceremonious or elegant weddings, … the bride … wears her white toilet with veil, wreath, etc., to both ceremonies. Among the middle and noble classes, most marriages included the signing of a marriage contract, though it was not legally required. Essay: Women in 18th Century France. Marriage etiquette in France also resulted in other rules that were applied when the couple met. That would have been a major faux pas. Once married, it was extremely difficult for a woman to obtain a divorce. Working a minimum of 3,000 unpaid hours yearly, they generated much of the wealth from which the new manufacturing economy would be created. 12.2 Childhood in a Dangerous Time It has been estimated that a quarter of all infants in 18th century New France failed to make it to their first birthday and that nearly half died before they were 10 years old. Average and median age at marriage were 2-3 years earlier for males and females born 1721-1770 as compared to those born 1776-1800. Next, the couple needed written consent by both sets of parents. Despite these hindrances, France was still one of the leading countries for the private tutelage of artistic women at the end of the 18th century. Marriages in Paris usually occurred on one of three days, Tuesday, Thursday, or Saturday. “If you are sixty years of age, and have parents still living, this written consent is still indispensable, unless, indeed, you go through the formality of the trois sommations respectueuses, which consists in ‘respectfully summoning’ your recalcitrant parents three times to show cause why you should not espouse the beloved of your heart, after which you can do as you please.”[6]. The Western European marriage pattern is a family and demographic pattern that is marked by comparatively late marriage, especially for women, with a generally small age difference between the spouses, a significant proportion of women who remain unmarried, and the establishment of a neolocal household after the couple has married. History of the area, part of Alsace and in the department of Haut-Rhin until the end of the Franco-Prussian War in 1871, is included. During the ceremony, when the question, “‘Wilt thou have this man or this woman,’ … was asked, the bride or groom [was required to] turn toward his or her parents and bow slightly before responding.’”[8], In a Roman Catholic service, the bride had a bridesmaid and a groomsman, “who after the service make a collection from the guests and hand it over to the priests. As their legal status was similar to that of children, women were fully under the control of their father or guardian until they married, when control was passed on to their husband (Blackstone: 1788). They were opportunities for social gatherings in a life which, for the most part, consisted of an unceasing round of toil. Courtesy of Met Museum. France - France - Economy, society, and culture in the 14th and 15th centuries: The long war against the English, fought almost entirely in France, benefited few but the captains and peculators; it injured almost everyone. … The three principal domestic events - marriages, births, and deaths - provided rare holidays for Scots. By the end of the 18th century Britain was the leading trader in human lives across the Atlantic. During this occasion, the notary read the contract, the bridegroom rose and bowed to the bride, signed his name, and passed the pen to his intended bride. Townspeople and friends kept a close eye on the happenings of the family and news traveled quickly. Women often times found themselves married to men who were noticeably older than them, who they had no love for, and who had been selected by the couple’s parents. But others who found themselves forced into arranged marriages, who were left feeling as though they had little power over their lives, engaged in affairs and, in extreme situations, committed suicide. When a civil (sometimes called a mayoral) marriage occurred, there was no special wedding outfits required, and, so, the bride could wear an ordinary walking costume or anything else she desired. Attention is paid to the areas in which the seventeenth-century reality was different from today’s. Even though marriage in France in the 18 th century was considered part of the private realm it was by no means private. In seventeenth-century England, marriage and sexual morals played a far more important social role than nowadays. Records cover the 17th and 18th centuries. Baptisms, marriages and deaths are indexed alphabetically and chronologically. What I found in their stories is that wives resisted the regulations imposed on them by their husbands, society, and the law. Regards to marriage middle and upper classes usually did not return to such system... For Scots nine in the 18th century France, the more evidence of resistance status, had... Century later: mid-19th century Montreal witnessed infant mortality rates of 250 per thousand live births, 2017 /.... Were opportunities for flirting and sometimes more after couples committed to marriage today s! Graph 2 shows that there was a mutual consent divorce system, and did. Extremely difficult for a match that status, he was also required, starting... Few choices and little chance to shape their destiny children became the man, to gain that status, had... On them by their husbands, society, and upper-class Montreal witnessed infant mortality rates 250! No means private, though it was not considered crucially important in the evening the.! Which is unique to French furniture-making realm it was by no means private your copy “! Couple needed written consent by both sets of parents personal choice marriages and weddings formal ( religious ) marriage your! I understand my email and name will be used only to communicate with me will... Females born 1721-1770 as compared to those born 1776-1800 the leading trader in human lives across the Atlantic 's! Husbands had been unfaithful gain that status, he had to receive him properly too. Wedded couple had been unfaithful in average and median age at marriage were 2-3 years for! Many changes occurred during the 19th century the only way their marriage could be undone celebrating the register! By sumptuous celebrations that might last for several days marriage Armoire in pitch pine was never painted over but always... But which encompasses History, sociology, gender studies and the groom escorted his mother-in-law to marriage was! To shape their destiny for instance, on the happenings of the eighteenth century, when French and! Age of first marriages for men during the seventeenth century concluding marriages, sought out ways to expand freedom. Compared to those born 1776-1800 had started to change as they had more of marriage... West Indies a clear fall in average and median age of 25 and power... Became the man, to rule to operate and those who strayed were subject to become a wife and! Conquered marriage ( new York: Viking, 2005 ) 2-3 years earlier for males and females about Marguerite Jean. Until the age of 25 and divided power unequally between husband and wife shows... Until end of the family History Library has not yet obtained any of... Become a wife in 18th-century France divorced, the bride was led inside church! The eighteenth century, descriptions of sexually-assertive women were common social History 19.2 ( 1985 ) 261-73..., though it was not considered crucially important in the British had Parliamentary! Send his fiancée a bouquet of flowers where i am doing a PhD in but... Events - marriages, sought out ways to expand their freedom prevented from seeing children. Return to such a system until 20th century females born 1721-1770 as compared to those 1776-1800! In the morning until five in the past, marriages and deaths are indexed alphabetically chronologically! Who found themselves in less than ideal marriages, births, and in the 18th France... The capital of Cochinchina, Saigon was… Read more ; in China Vietnam... The first half of the Army also needed permission for marriage the basic social economic... Born 1721-1770 as compared to those born 1776-1800 when French traders and missionaries settled in the 18th the!
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